Melphalan
Melphalan (trade name Alkeran, in former USSR also known as Sarcolysin) is a chemotherapy drug belonging to the class of nitrogen mustard alkylating agents.
Otherwise known as L-phenylalanine mustard, or L-PAM, melphalan is a phenylalanine derivative of mechlorethamine.
Intra-arterial Melphalan for Neurologic Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 1).
All patients with retinoblastoma treated by selective ophthalmic artery infusion chemotherapy at a single center during a 9-year period were reviewed. Only first-cycle treatments for previously untreated eyes were studied. Adjunctive factors (intra-arterial verapamil, intranasal oxymetazoline external carotid balloon occlusion) and technical factors (chemotherapy infusion time, fluoroscopy time) were documented by medical record review. Quantitative tumor reduction was determined by blinded comparison of retinal imaging acquired during examination under anesthesia before and 3-4 weeks after treatment. The dichotomous therapeutic response was classified according to quantitative tumor reduction as satisfactory (≥ 50%) or poor (<50%).
Results: Twenty-one eyes met the inclusion criteria. Patients ranged from 2 to 59 months of age. Adjuncts included intra-arterial verapamil in 15, intranasal oxymetazoline in 14, and external carotid balloon occlusion in 14. Quantitative tumor reduction ranged from 15% to 95%. Six showed poor dichotomous therapeutic response. A satisfactory dichotomous therapeutic response was correlated with intra-arterial verapamil (P = .03) in the aggregate cohort and in a subgroup undergoing treatment with single-agent melphalan at a dose of <5 mg (P = .02). In the latter, higher average quantitative tumor reduction correlated with intra-arterial verapamil (P < .01).
Conclusions: Intra-arterial verapamil during selective ophthalmic artery infusion chemotherapy is correlated with an improved therapeutic response, particularly when treating with lower doses of single-agent melphalan 2).
A phase II study explored the therapeutic gain obtained when exposing these patients to a combination of intra-arterially administered carboplatin and melphalan at first or second relapse as a salvage treatment in recurrent glioblastoma. Fifty-one consecutive patients diagnosed with glioblastoma were accrued and offered this treatment at first or second relapse. A Karnofsky score of ≥ 60 was required, and when appropriate, patients were first reoperated prior to accrual. Patients enrolled were treated every 4 weeks (1 cycle) for up to 12 cycles. Progression was evaluated by Macdonald criteria. Primary end point surrogates were overall survival from diagnosis and study entry. Median survival from diagnosis and study entry was 23 and 11 months, respectively. The median time to progression was 5.2 months. All patients enrolled were treated for a minimum of 2 cycles. Hematologic toxicity was manageable, with an 8 % of grade II neutropenia, 12 % of grade II thrombocytopenia and 7 % of grade III thrombocytopenia. This therapeutic strategy represents an adequate option in the second-line treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. The adjunction of an osmotic permeabilization could be considered to further expand delivery, and hopefully improve survival in these patients 3).
Patsalides et al describe their initial experience with a novel therapeutic approach that consists of intraarterial (IA) infusion of chemotherapy to treat progressive spinal metastases.
The main inclusion criterion was the presence of progressive, metastatic epidural disease to the spine causing spinal canal compromise in patients who were not candidates for the standard treatments of radiation therapy and/or surgery.
All tumor histological types were eligible for this trial. Using the transfemoral arterial approach and standard neurointerventional techniques, all patients were treated with IA infusion of melphalan in the arteries supplying the epidural tumor. The protocol allowed for up to 3 procedures repeated at 3- to 6-week intervals. Outcome measures included physiological measures:
1) Periprocedural complications according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
2) MRI to assess for tumor response.
Nine patients with progressive spinal metastatic disease and cord compression were enrolled in a Phase I clinical trial of selective IA chemotherapy. All patients had metastatic disease from solid organs and were not candidates for further radiation therapy or surgery. A total of 19 spinal intraarterial chemotherapy (SIAC) procedures were performed, and the follow-up period ranged from 1 to 7 months (median 3 months). There was 1 serious adverse event (febrile neutropenia). Local tumor control was seen in 8 of 9 patients, whereas tumor progression at the treated level was seen in 1 patient.
These preliminary results support the hypothesis that SIAC is feasible and safe 4)